Key Terms for Japanese American Incarceration

Starting a unit or lesson with the key terms aids in overall comprehension and retention. In this activity, students will create a storyboard that defines and illustrates key terms related to the incarceration of Japanese Americans during WWII. It is helpful for students to preview vocabulary and important terms when studying historical events to help give them context. This storyboard also focuses on the euphemisms employed by the U.S. government and the media to describe the incarceration of Japanese Americans during WWII encouraging students to analyze the importance of words to accurately describe historical events.

Examples of Terms related to the Incarceration of Japanese Americans during WWII

Bombing of Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked U.S. military targets in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, killing and wounding 3,000 soldiers.

Racism: Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized.

Executive Order 9066: On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, initiating a controversial World War II policy with lasting negative consequences for Japanese Americans. The document ordered the removal of "resident enemy aliens" from parts of the West vaguely identified as military areas. In effect it forced 120,000 Japanese Americans to concentration camps from 1942-1945.

Alien: A foreigner, especially one who is not a naturalized citizen of the country where they are living. Considered derogatory today.

Citizen: A legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.

Immigrant: One that immigrates, such as a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence or a plant or animal that becomes established in an area where it was previously unknown.

Exclusion: The process or state of excluding or being excluded. In the case of Japanese Americans during WWII, they were excluded from living freely in the west and forced from their homes onto concentration camps by Executive Order 9066.

Fifth Column: Fifth Column is a general term that refers to any smaller group within a larger group that works to overthrow the larger group from within. During WWII, the U.S. government postulated that Japanese Americans were a Fifth Column working with the Empire of Japan as spies within the United States.

Issei: Issei is the Japanese term for first-generation immigrants—those who came to the U.S. from Japan.

Nisei: Nisei is the Japanese word for second-generation immigrants, or those children born in the United States to Issei (first-generation immigrants).

Sansei: Sansei is the Japanese term for third-generation Japanese immigrants, or those born to Japanese American parents who were themselves born in the U.S.

No-No: “No-no” is the term for prisoners in Japanese internment camps who answered no to two particular questions on a government questionnaire judging their loyalty to the U.S. The questionnaire was nicknamed the Loyalty questionnaire and arbitrarily tried to determine whether the prisoners were loyal to the United States.

Yes-Yes: Prisoners in Japanese incarceration camps who answered yes to two particular questions on a government questionnaire were called yes-yeses. The questionnaire was nicknamed the Loyalty questionnaire and arbitrarily tried to determine whether the prisoners were loyal to the United States.

Euphemism: A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.

Forced Removal vs. "Evacuation": In 1942, Executive Order 9066 permitted the government to forcibly remove Japanese Americans from their homes and into concentration camps. They were allowed one suitcase and had to leave everything else behind, not knowing where they were going or when they'd be released. The orders were carried out by soldiers. The government called this an "evacuation" implying that it was a precaution for safety.

Incarceration vs. "Internment": "Internment" is the commonly used phrase to describe what happened to Japanese Americans during World War II however, a more accurate term is "incarceration". Thousands of men, women, and children who had committed no crimes, were denied due process, forced out of their homes and into prisons where they were confined for nearly four years.

Concentration Camps vs. "Relocation Centers": The U.S. government called the camps that held Japanese Americans "assembly or relocation centers". The facilities were surrounded by a fence and guarded by military police. "Assembly" or "Relocation" implies gathering by choice. Japanese Americans were political prisoners. They had committed no crime but were forced to remain in the camps for the duration of the war.

Japanese American vs. "Japanese": Most people imprisoned under Exec. Order 9066 had been living in the U.S. for decades or had been born in the U.S. The media and government often referred to them as "Japanese", erasing their American identity and conflating Japanese Americans with Japanese citizens in Japan as a strategy to prey on fears after the bombing of Pearl Harbor to justify this unjust and immoral order.